For communities who have lived beside rivers for thousands of years, change in the water is never just a data point —it is a message.
Water as a Living Relative
In many Indigenous traditions across Canada, water is not a resource to be measured and managed. It is a relative, a living system with memory, voice, and place in the web of life. And this worldview, far from being incompatible with environmental science, turns out to produce some of the most sensitive monitoring on the continent. Because Indigenous communities live in close, generations-long relationship with rivers, lakes, and wetlands, they notice changes early and they notice things that instruments alone often miss.
What Elders Knew Before the Data Arrived
Along the Peace-Athabasca Delta in northern Alberta, a wetland of international ecological significance and Ramsar World Heritage status —Dene and Cree community members were observing changes in river flow, ice formation, and water quality for decades before formal scientific monitoring confirmed their observations. Mikisew Cree guides and Elders who have navigated the delta’s waters across a lifetime track changes in water depth at critical passages, noting that summer flows have declined and that boat navigation is increasingly difficult in areas that were once reliably deep.¹ Research confirms that ice conditions and break-up patterns in the Peace-Athabasca Delta have changed measurably, with Mikisew Cree First Nation Elders reporting that ice “just melts away” where dramatic break-ups once occurred.²
The Keepers of the Water
Organizations like Keepers of the Water, an Indigenous-led network working across the Arctic Drainage Basin, have built formal programs that combine Elder observation with modern tools measuring oxygen, salinity, temperature, and pH.³ In the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, community-owned aquatic monitoring programs near Sachs Harbour and Ulukhaktok have been collecting water quality data since 2019, producing novel long-term datasets from areas where government monitoring has historically been absent.⁴
A National Network of Indigenous Monitors
Through the federal Indigenous Community-Based Climate Monitoring Program —which provides approximately $8 million per year; dozens of First Nations, Métis Settlements, and Inuit communities across Canada have established their own water and environmental monitoring programs.⁵ In the Peace-Athabasca Delta, this funding has supported hydrometric stations, buoys, and trail cameras providing real-time data on water and ice conditions. These programs produce ecological intelligence that no southern laboratory can replicate.
Why This Matters for All of Canada
University of Saskatchewan researcher Dr. John Pomeroy, Canada Research Chair in Water Resources and Climate Change (2003-2024), has described the current situation plainly: western Canada is entering new climate territory, with more severe droughts and more intense rainfall events.⁶ The rivers and lakes that Indigenous communities have observed through ceremony and practice for millennia are now among the most important early warning systems Canada has. Integrating that knowledge respectfully and in genuine partnership into national water policy is both good science and a long-overdue recognition of who has been watching longest.
Passing the Knowledge Forward
In communities across the north, Elders speak about passing water knowledge to their children not as nostalgia, but as urgent practical preparation for a changing world. That ethic captures what Indigenous-led water monitoring represents at its core: an ancient responsibility made newly urgent by a crisis these communities did not create but are among the first to confront.
Blog by Rye Karonhiowanen Barberstock
Photo by Philip Davis on Unsplash
References
[1] CBC News. (2022, October 3). Climate change is drying up the Peace-Athabasca Delta. Can the people who live there adapt? https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/climate-change-Indigenous-adaption-Peace-Athabasca-Delta
[2] State of the Athabasca-Bow-North Saskatchewan River Basin (SOAER). Peace – Water Quantity. https://soaer.ca/peace-water-quantity/ [Mikisew Cree First Nation Elders reporting on ice conditions and break-ups]
[3] Keepers of the Water. (2024). About Keepers of the Water. https://www.keepersofthewater.ca/
[4] Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC). (2024). Indigenous Community-Based Climate Monitoring Program. Government of Canada.
[5] CIRNAC. (2024). Indigenous Community-Based Climate Monitoring Program. Government of Canada. Approx. $8 million per year.
[6] Pomeroy, J. (Various). Canada Research Chair in Water Resources and Climate Change. University of Saskatchewan. https://www.usask.ca/research/chairs/pomeroy.php
