The Waters Speak: Indigenous Knowledge and Climate Change in the Maritimes

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For the Indigenous Peoples of the Maritime provinces, the Mi’kmaq, Wolastoqiyik, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, and Inuit, the oceans and waterways are living relatives, holding centuries of memory and wisdom. These waters are not simply geographic features; they are beings with spirit, elders who have witnessed the shifting balance of climate through generations. The rising of ocean levels, the warming of seas, and the increasing fury of storms are warnings that echo both ancient stories and contemporary experience. 

 Traditional Knowledge of Oceans and Climate: Past Lessons

Indigenous oral histories and knowledge systems possess a deep understanding of the rhythms and changes in the ocean and climate over time. Elders recount shifting shorelines, changing fish migrations, and the cyclical nature of storms and tides, knowledge gained through careful observation and a deep connection with the natural world. For millennia, these teachings guided communities in timing their harvests, moving settlements, and stewarding land and sea to maintain balance. 

 In Mi’kma’ki, for example, stories recount times when the waters rose and reshaped the coast, teaching that the ocean was both a giver and a taker. These ancient accounts help contextualize current changes as part of a long-standing relationship marked by respect and adaptation, rather than conquest or control. They remind us that climate is a force we live with, not simply a problem to be solved. 

The Present Reality: Changing Oceans and Rising Threats

Today, those long-held relationships are tested as the ocean warms and rises at unprecedented rates. Hurricanes and severe storms, once rare and cyclical, are growing in size, frequency, and intensity, driven by warmer sea surfaces and shifting atmospheric patterns. For Indigenous peoples of the Maritimes, these are not distant phenomena but lived realities, returning with growing impact. 

Hurricane Fiona in 2022 devastated coastal Mi’kmaw communities in Cape Breton and Ktaqmkuk, causing widespread erosion, damage to sacred sites, and threatening the continuity of food and cultural harvesting areas. Inland, communities have observed changes in river flows and wetland health, which impact freshwater fisheries and travel corridors. 

Sea level rise, compounded by coastal development and weakened natural barriers, is accelerating shoreline loss, flooding, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater systems, disrupting habitats and traditional harvest zones for shellfish, medicinal plants, and migratory birds. These changes undermine food sovereignty and community resilience if left unaddressed. 

Preparing for the Future: Combining Traditional Knowledge and Innovation

Indigenous communities across the Maritimes are leading innovative responses rooted in millennia of knowledge coupled with contemporary science and technology. Mi’kmaq leaders collaborate with coastal ecologists to restore salt marshes, eelgrass beds, and kelp forests —natural buffers that stabilize sediments, absorb storm surges, and sequester carbon. 

 On Epekwitk (Prince Edward Island), collaborative “living shoreline” projects integrate Mi’kmaw understanding of local ecosystems with natural materials, such as reed grasses and oyster reefs. These efforts reduce erosion while honouring the relationships between people, plants, and water. 

In Wolastoqey and Passamaquoddy territories, along the St. John River and Bay of Fundy, community monitors combine satellite data with Indigenous place-based observations to track shifting ice patterns, tides, and river flows, anticipating and preparing for future climate impacts. 

Some communities are also considering strategic relocation, recognizing that some ancestral sites may become too vulnerable to sustain habitation. These decisions are deeply guided by cultural protocols, emphasizing ceremony, respect, and reciprocity with the land, even as physical homes may shift.  

Climate Change as a Teaching and Call to Action

For Indigenous Peoples of the Maritimes, the climate crisis is more than a scientific challenge; it is a profound ethical and spiritual call. The ocean’s fury, the rising tides, and shifting weather patterns are reminders of broken relationships and imbalance. They teach humility, resilience, and the seriousness of respecting all beings.  

Adapting to this new reality requires more than just complex infrastructure; seawalls and barriers alone cannot restore the flow of life. True resilience grows from strengthening relationships with the ocean, with the lands, and among peoples and embracing stewardship guided by Indigenous laws and teachings.

Toward Resilient Coastal Futures

The seas that lap the shores of Mi’kma’ki, Wolastoqey, and Ktaqmkuk carry the memory of storms past and the promise of renewal. Indigenous Nations in the Maritimes stand at the forefront of a movement to restore coastal ecosystems and cultural connections, combining ancient knowledge and contemporary science to face a changing climate with strength. 

 By listening deeply to the waters and honouring our responsibilities as caretakers, we can respond not only to minimize harm but to rebuild balance. The ocean is more than a force of destruction; it is a relative offering that teaches and provides opportunities to walk forward in a respectful, reciprocal relationship. As we navigate this unfolding climate reality, Indigenous stewardship, leadership, and knowledge stand as beacons not only for the peoples of the Maritimes but for all who share this land and sea. 

Blog by Rye Karonhiowanen Barberstock

(Image Credit: Chris Robert, Unsplash)

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Re-Constituting Indigenous Food Economies: The Promise of Plant-Based Regeneration

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Across Canada, climate change is reshaping what can grow and where it can grow. For Indigenous communities, especially the Haudenosaunee, whose ancestors thrived on biodiverse diets, the disruption of traditional food systems is more than an environmental crisis. It is also a cultural and spiritual rupture. Yet, within this challenge lies hope: reviving a food economy rooted in Indigenous plant foods can heal the land, strengthen communities, and build resilient local economies.

A Rich Legacy: The Haudenosaunee Foodscape

Arthur C. Parker’s classic book, Iroquois Uses of Maize and Other Food Plants, documents the astonishing diversity of Haudenosaunee agriculture. Based on early 20th-century fieldwork in New York, Ontario, and Quebec, Parker recorded not only the range of foods but also the recipes, terminology, and cultural contexts that guided their use. 

Maize was at the heart of this foodscape, with numerous varieties used for flour, hominy, and whole kernels. Thirteen types of beans and five varieties of squash were intercropped with corn in the renowned “Three Sisters” system. Melons, cucumbers, and husk tomatoes (also known as ground cherries) were cultivated alongside sunflowers grown for their seeds and oil. 

Foraged foods were equally important, supplementing the diet with wild peas, asparagus, mushrooms, puffballs, blueberries, grapes, plums, hickory nuts, and acorns. Arrowhead roots, cattails, and the sap of maple and birch added further diversity, both for sustenance and ceremony.  

This mix of cultivated and wild foods represented far more than calories; it was a system of resilience, reciprocity, and respect for the land. By diversifying their food sources, the Haudenosaunee developed economies that could withstand ecological changes while upholding cultural values of responsibility and abundance. 

Soil Regeneration

One of the greatest challenges of modern farming is soil degradation. Industrial agriculture often strips soil of nutrients, leaving it fragile and dependent on chemical inputs. The Haudenosaunee “Three Sisters” method offers an alternative. Corn provides a natural trellis for beans, beans fix nitrogen in the soil, and squash shades the ground to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Together they create a self-sustaining, regenerative system. 

Restoring such practices could play a key role in regenerating soils that have been depleted by centuries of extractive farming. It serves as a reminder that Indigenous agricultural knowledge has always been about working in harmony with nature rather than against it. 

Climate Mitigation

Indigenous agriculture is also a climate solution. Practices such as polycultures, perennial planting, and traditional land stewardship help store carbon, protect biodiversity, and stabilize water systems. 

  • Deep-rooted plants like wild rice, sunchokes, berry bushes, and sunflowers enrich soil, stabilize riverbanks, and filter toxins from water.
  • Polycultures, such as the Three Sisters system, reduce pest infestations, conserve moisture, and thrive in extreme climates. Learn more here.
  • Traditional stewardship practices, including controlled burning, wetland restoration, and responsible harvesting, help regulate local climates while protecting wildlife corridors.

Research indicates that Indigenous-managed lands are among Canada’s most effective carbon sinks. As Michael Twigg (2024) explains in his article on Indigenous agriculture, scaling these practices could transform agriculture into a climate-positive force. 

Economic Revival

Reintroducing Indigenous plant foods carries enormous economic promise. Crops like heritage beans, heirloom corns, and wild rice already perform well in niche markets, but the potential is far greater. Regional processing facilities, community-owned food businesses, and strengthened distribution networks could create livelihoods while retaining wealth within Indigenous nations.  

Across Canada, promising initiatives are already underway: 

  • Indigenous Agriculture and Food Systems Initiative – A federal program funding infrastructure, training, and food-business development anchored in Indigenous crops. 
  • Prairie Research Kitchen & Métis Food Security Consortium – A Manitoba partnership developing Indigenous recipes, training students, and supporting community food businesses. 
  • Farm Credit Canada (FCC) – FCC projects that equitable Indigenous participation in agriculture could add $1.5 billion to Canada’s GDP, quadrupling the current value of Indigenous farm operations. Read more here. 
  • Untapped Potential – Studies suggest Indigenous-led agriculture could grow Canada’s economy by as much as $27 billion while advancing biodiversity and food sovereignty goals. 
  • Grassroots projects – Initiatives like Understanding Our Food Systems in Northwestern Ontario support First Nations to design food sovereignty plans rooted in community values. 

These examples demonstrate how Indigenous food economies can enhance food security, preserve cultural knowledge, and foster sustainable prosperity for both Indigenous nations and Canada as a whole. 

Health Reinvigoration

Literature, such as “Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use ” (Kuhnlein & Turner, 1991), underscores how traditional diets supported strong health long before colonization. Foods like corn, beans, squash, berries, wild rice, and medicinal plants provided fibre, micronutrients, antioxidants, and lean proteins fueling immune strength and metabolic balance.  

The replacement of these foods with heavily processed, calorie-dense alternatives has fueled an epidemic of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity in Indigenous communities. Restoring traditional foods to modern diets could reduce these disparities while revitalizing cultural connections. 

Stewardship Over Exploitation

Reviving Indigenous food systems requires Indigenous leadership. Without it, there is a risk of commodification and appropriation cycles that repeat historical harms. Indigenous stewardship ensures cultural protocols, ecological respect, and intergenerational responsibility guide food economies. As BCA Global’s Food as Medicine highlights, Elders, knowledge keepers, and land-based educators are central to passing on stewardship values, ensuring food sovereignty endures. 

More Than Farming—Healing

At its heart, revitalizing Indigenous food economies is not only about growing food; it is also about preserving and promoting traditional knowledge and practices. It is about healing.

  • Healing the land through biodiversity, soil restoration, and water stewardship. 
  • Healing people through nutrient-rich ancestral foods that improve health and nourish the spirit. 
  • Healing relationships by renewing responsibilities between people, plants, and place. 
  • Healing economies through meaningful work that strengthens sovereignty and stewardship. 

This is responsible farming at its best: an economy that not only grows crops but also fosters hope. When we restore the food systems that once sustained us, we also regain balance with the land, with each other, and with future generations. 

 

Blog by Rye Karonhiowanen Barberstock

(Image Credit: Diego Marin, Unsplash)

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